Image of the simulation of the eruptive cloud of the Calbuco eruption which took place in 2015. The simulation was carried out with the ASHEE software, developed by INGV (see Cerminara et al., 2016). The cloud contains 11 pyroclastic classes with particles from 16 microns up to 16 mm. The volcanic gases and fine ash are dispersed into the atmosphere, while the coarser pyroclasts fall in the area proximal to the crater. The distribution of fine ash (gray cloud) and the 1 mm particle class, 28 minutes after the start of the eruption, are shown in the figure.”
This thematic area includes studies aimed at quantifying volcanic hazards at different spatial and temporal scales; the development of probabilistic (eg event trees) and deterministic methods for the definition of pre-eruptive and eruptive scenarios and creation of hazard maps; the development of models and methods aimed at predicting volcanic activity and identifying precursor signals; the characterization of associated dangerous phenomena (eg ground deformations, seismic activity, phreatic explosions, slope collapses, landslides, tsunamis, lahars, natural outgassing, secondary volcanism, etc.); contributions to volcanic risk estimation including investigations of vulnerability and impact of phenomena.